How the research is done

Source selection

Primary sources come first: company annual reports, investor presentations, financial disclosures, stock exchange filings, offer documents (DRHP/RHP), regulatory publications and official industry statistics. Reputable secondary sources can provide context, but do not replace original financial evidence. Search snippets, unsourced summaries and AI-generated explanations are not evidence.

Citations and references

Numbered citations link to the corresponding entry in each article's reference list. Entries identify the organisation or author, title, publisher, source type and publication date or reporting period where known, with a direct link to the document. Access dates are recorded when a source has actually been checked and a retrieval date is useful. Missing bibliographic details are left out, not guessed. Unused background documents are identified as further reading rather than evidence for a specific claim.

Financial tables and charts identify their sources, period, currency, units and reporting basis. A page or section locator is included only when checked against the original document. A citation identifies evidence to consult; it does not itself establish that every nearby interpretation is correct.

Interpreting financial statements

Every article states the reporting period, the reporting basis (consolidated or standalone) and the units. Statutory figures from audited statements are kept separate from company-defined measures such as Gross Order Value or Adjusted EBITDA, which are labelled clearly with their definitions where available. Quarterly and full-year figures are never mixed in the same comparison.

Figures are collected from the original statement and its notes, retaining the source precision before presentation rounding. Any conversion of units is stated explicitly, for example dividing ₹ million by ten to obtain ₹ crore. Signs, column headings and whether a balance is at a point in time or a flow over a period are checked. Referring to an audited company report does not mean this publication has performed an audit.

Calculations

Derived figures — growth rates, margins, ratios — are calculated only from reported numbers, and the inputs are shown or referenced. They are labelled as my calculations so they cannot be confused with figures the company published.

Formulas state the numerator, denominator and any percentage conversion. Calculations use unrounded inputs where available; rounded summary tables can produce slightly different results. A zero or negative denominator can make a ratio meaningless, so it is not forced into a chart. Simplified free cash flow and other author-defined measures state what is included and excluded. Calculations pending my own review are described as such.

Comparative analysis

Companies are compared only on the same reporting period and, as far as possible, on metrics defined the same way. Where definitions differ, the difference is stated or the comparison is not made.

Financial-year start and end dates, consolidated or standalone basis, currency, units and metric definitions must align. A Q4 figure is not compared with a full-year figure. Changes in segment mix, revenue recognition or definitions are disclosed; incompatible or missing metrics remain unavailable rather than being estimated.

Facts, calculations and interpretation

ReportedFigures or statements taken directly from a company disclosure.

My calculationFigures I derived from reported data.

InterpretationMy own reading of what the evidence suggests.

IllustrativeFictional examples for learning, not company disclosures or estimates of real performance.

Article status

Published pieces are released educational articles, not professionally audited or independently certified research. Drafts are work in progress, may change and can contain unresolved review questions. Planned topics contain no completed research. Missing data is labelled unavailable or pending; no figures are invented to fill a table or chart. Fictional teaching examples are labelled separately.

Limitations

I'm a student, not a licensed analyst. Analysis relies on public information only and may contain errors. Nothing on this site is investment advice, and no analysis implies future returns.

Each article should disclose evidence gaps, uncertainty and simplified assumptions. An apparent relationship between spending, growth and losses does not establish causation. Unresolved claims are flagged for manual review rather than treated as verified facts; historical performance does not guarantee investment returns.

Corrections

If you spot an error, please get in touch at diyasaya.business@gmail.com. Include the article URL, section, disputed claim or figure and, if possible, the original document and page supporting the correction. I review the evidence before making changes; material corrections should explain what changed and carry an accurate update date. A correction request is not a guarantee of immediate resolution.